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Loading contentThe reference exposures that remove a camera's own signature from an image: bias frames capture the sensor's read pedestal, dark frames the thermal signal that builds up during an exposure, and flat frames the uneven illumination and dust shadows of the optics. Subtracting and dividing by these calibration frames turns raw data into a faithful record of the sky.
Facts on this topic will be cited from these primary and reference sources.
Mission data, planetary science, space telescopes, and public-domain imagery.
Most NASA-produced imagery is in the public domain; individual items are checked for usage terms before publication.