Modern Astronomy · Asteria Star

Overview

Spectroscopy and photography turned telescopes into instruments of astrophysics, revealing what stars are made of. Astronomers measured the distances of galaxies, discovered the expansion of the universe, and began to understand how stars live and die.

Astronomers

Discoveries

Knowledge connections

ContainsCharles Messier
ContainsWilliam Herschel
ContainsCaroline Herschel
ContainsJohn Herschel
ContainsHenry Draper
ContainsUrbain Le Verrier
ContainsJohann Galle
ContainsHenrietta Swan Leavitt
ContainsAnnie Jump Cannon
ContainsEdward Charles Pickering
ContainsCecilia Payne-Gaposchkin
ContainsEdwin Hubble
ContainsGeorges Lemaître
ContainsSubrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
ContainsFritz Zwicky
ContainsThe Discovery of Uranus
ContainsThe Prediction and Discovery of Neptune
ContainsWhat Stars Are Made Of
ContainsThe Cepheid Period–Luminosity Relation
ContainsThe Expansion of the Universe
ContainsEvidence for Dark Matter
ContainsGeneral Relativity
ContainsThe Big Bang
ContainsMessier Catalogue

Sources & references

Facts on this topic will be cited from these primary and reference sources.

BritannicaEncyclopaedia Britannica
General reference for the history of astronomy, biographies, and cultural context.
NASANational Aeronautics and Space Administration
Mission data, planetary science, space telescopes, and public-domain imagery.
Most NASA-produced imagery is in the public domain; individual items are checked for usage terms before publication.

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