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Loading contentProtecting crews from space radiation with mass — hydrogen-rich materials, water, or regolith — and with mission design, such as storm shelters for solar particle events and limits on time beyond the magnetosphere.
The physiological effects this countermeasure targets.
Facts on this topic will be cited from these primary and reference sources.
Mission data, planetary science, space telescopes, and public-domain imagery.
Most NASA-produced imagery is in the public domain; individual items are checked for usage terms before publication.