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Loading contentThe goal of a fully regenerative life-support system, in which plants and microbes recycle essentially all of the air, water, and waste — the closed ecosystem that a self-sufficient Mars base would require. Ground experiments such as BIOS-3 and MELiSSA have pursued it.
Facts on this topic will be cited from these primary and reference sources.
Mission data, planetary science, space telescopes, and public-domain imagery.
Most NASA-produced imagery is in the public domain; individual items are checked for usage terms before publication.
European missions, observatories, and space science imagery.