Loading…
Loading contentLoading…
Loading contentNOAA's five-level scale for solar radiation (energetic-particle) storms, from S1 to S5, describing the radiation hazard to astronauts, high-altitude flights, and spacecraft.
Facts on this topic will be cited from these primary and reference sources.
Public-domain solar-position geometry: sunrise, sunset, solar noon, twilight, declination, and the equation of time.
Public domain (US Government work).