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Loading contentNOAA's five-level scale for the severity of geomagnetic storms, from G1 (minor) to G5 (extreme), describing the expected effects on power grids, satellites, and navigation.
Facts on this topic will be cited from these primary and reference sources.
Public-domain solar-position geometry: sunrise, sunset, solar noon, twilight, declination, and the equation of time.
Public domain (US Government work).