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Loading contentFor distant galaxies, the expansion of the universe stretches their light to longer, redder wavelengths in proportion to their distance. Measure the redshift, apply the Hubble–Lemaître law, and you have the distance — the top rung of the ladder.
Facts on this topic will be cited from these primary and reference sources.
Mission data, planetary science, space telescopes, and public-domain imagery.
Most NASA-produced imagery is in the public domain; individual items are checked for usage terms before publication.