Loading…
Loading content
Loading…
Loading contentThe ionised layer of Earth's upper atmosphere, created by solar ultraviolet and X-ray radiation. It reflects and refracts radio waves — enabling long-distance HF communication — but solar flares and geomagnetic storms disturb it, causing radio blackouts and errors in satellite navigation.
Facts on this topic will be cited from these primary and reference sources.
Space-weather forecasts and alerts: aurora (OVATION), the Kp index, and the G1–G5 geomagnetic storm scale.