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Scientific entity. See the evidence framework and authority dashboard.
How NASA connects across Asteria Star — scientific, cultural, and astrological links are kept separate.
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Apollo 11 was the NASA mission that in July 1969 first landed humans on the Moon, with Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walking on the lunar surface.
Voyager 1 is a NASA space probe launched in 1977 that explored Jupiter and Saturn and has since become the most distant human-made object, traveling in interstellar space.
Voyager 2 is a NASA space probe launched in 1977 and the only spacecraft to have flown past all four giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Cassini–Huygens was a NASA–ESA–ASI mission launched in 1997 that orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017 and delivered the Huygens probe to the surface of its moon Titan.
New Horizons is a NASA space probe launched in 2006 that performed the first close flyby of the dwarf planet Pluto in 2015.
Juno is a NASA space probe launched in 2011 that entered orbit around Jupiter in 2016 to study the planet's composition, gravity, and magnetic field.
Mars Science Laboratory is the NASA mission that delivered the Curiosity rover to Mars in 2012 to investigate the planet's climate and geology.
Parker Solar Probe is a NASA spacecraft launched in 2018 to fly through the Sun's outer atmosphere, making the closest approaches to the Sun of any spacecraft.
The Spitzer Space Telescope was a NASA infrared space observatory operating from 2003 to 2020.
The Chandra X-ray Observatory is a NASA space telescope launched in 1999 that observes the universe in X-ray wavelengths.
The Kepler Space Telescope was a NASA space observatory launched in 2009 that discovered thousands of exoplanets by monitoring stars for transit dimming.
TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) is a NASA space telescope launched in 2018 that surveys nearby bright stars to detect transiting exoplanets.
The Saturn V was a NASA super heavy-lift launch vehicle that carried the Apollo missions to the Moon and launched the Skylab space station.
The Space Launch System is NASA's super heavy-lift launch vehicle developed to carry the Orion spacecraft and crew under the Artemis program.
The International Space Station is a crewed modular space station in low Earth orbit, operated as a partnership among NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, and the CSA.
A NASA infrared space telescope designed for wide-field surveys of dark energy and exoplanets.
Project Mercury was the first United States human spaceflight programme, putting the first American astronauts into orbit.
Project Gemini developed the rendezvous, docking, and spacewalk techniques needed for the Apollo lunar missions.
The Apollo program landed the first humans on the Moon between 1969 and 1972, carrying out six crewed lunar landings.
Skylab was the first United States space station, crewed by three missions in 1973–1974.
The Space Shuttle was NASA's reusable crewed launch system, flying 135 missions between 1981 and 2011.
Artemis is NASA's programme to return humans to the Moon and establish a sustainable lunar presence, in partnership with international and commercial partners.
The Mariner program conducted the first successful flybys and orbits of Mercury, Venus, and Mars.
The Pioneer program included the first spacecraft to fly through the asteroid belt and past Jupiter and Saturn.
The Voyager program sent two probes on a grand tour of the outer planets; both have since entered interstellar space.
The Viking program placed two orbiter–lander pairs at Mars, returning the first images from the Martian surface and searching for life.
NASA's long-running programme of orbiters, landers, and rovers systematically exploring Mars.
NASA's series of medium-class planetary missions, including New Horizons, Juno, and OSIRIS-REx.
NASA's line of lower-cost, focused planetary science missions, including MESSENGER, Dawn, InSight, Lucy, and Psyche.
A planned NASA–ESA campaign to return the rock cores cached by the Perseverance rover to Earth.
A NASA medium-lift launch vehicle used for early Apollo Earth-orbit tests, the Skylab crews, and the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project.
NASA's primary launch centre, home of Launch Complex 39 from which the Apollo Saturn V and the Space Shuttle flew, and now Artemis and commercial crew missions.
A NASA range on the Virginia coast used for suborbital research and small orbital launches.
Freedom 7 carried Alan Shepard on the first United States human spaceflight, a suborbital hop.
Friendship 7 carried John Glenn on the first United States orbital spaceflight, three orbits of the Earth.
Apollo 8 was the first crewed mission to leave Earth orbit and orbit the Moon, returning the famous 'Earthrise' photograph.
Apollo 13's planned lunar landing was aborted after an oxygen-tank explosion; the crew returned safely in a celebrated rescue.
Apollo 17 was the final crewed Apollo lunar landing, carrying the first scientist-astronaut to the Moon.
Artemis I was the uncrewed first flight of the SLS rocket and Orion spacecraft on a path around the Moon.
Venus & Mercury flyby · NASA · launched 1973.
Mercury orbiter · NASA · launched 2004.
Venus orbiter · NASA · launched 1989.
Mars orbiter & lander · NASA · launched 1975.
Viking 2 was the second Viking orbiter–lander pair, landing in Utopia Planitia on Mars.
Mars Pathfinder landed using airbags and deployed Sojourner, the first wheeled rover on Mars.
Spirit was one of NASA's twin Mars Exploration Rovers, exploring Gusev crater.
Opportunity was the twin of Spirit, exploring Meridiani Planum for nearly 15 years.
MAVEN studies how Mars lost much of its atmosphere to space over billions of years.
InSight was a stationary lander that studied the deep interior of Mars with a seismometer.
Mars rover mission (Perseverance) · NASA · launched 2020.
Pioneer 10 was the first spacecraft to traverse the asteroid belt and fly past Jupiter.
Pioneer 11 flew past Jupiter and became the first spacecraft to encounter Saturn.
Jupiter orbiter · NASA · launched 1989.
Europa Clipper will make dozens of flybys of Jupiter's moon Europa to assess its habitability.
Vesta & Ceres orbiter · NASA · launched 2007.
OSIRIS-REx collected a sample from the near-Earth asteroid Bennu and returned it to Earth in 2023.
DART was the first planetary-defence test, deliberately impacting the asteroid moonlet Dimorphos to change its orbit.
Lucy is touring a record number of asteroids, including several of Jupiter's Trojan asteroids.
Psyche is travelling to the metal-rich asteroid 16 Psyche to study a possible exposed planetary core.
Solar observatory · ESA / NASA · launched 2020.
Mars rover · NASA · launched 2011.
Mars rover · NASA · launched 2020.
Mars helicopter · NASA · launched 2020.
Mars Exploration Rover (MER-B) · NASA · launched 2003.
Mars Exploration Rover (MER-A) · NASA · launched 2003.
The microwave-oven-sized rover of Mars Pathfinder, the first wheeled vehicle to operate on Mars.
Alan Shepard — the first American in space and later commander of Apollo 14, who walked on the Moon.
John Glenn — the first American to orbit the Earth, aboard Friendship 7.
Frank Borman — commander of Apollo 8, the first crewed mission to orbit the Moon.
Jim Lovell — commander of Apollo 13 and a crew member of Apollo 8.
William Anders — the Apollo 8 astronaut who photographed the iconic 'Earthrise'.
Neil Armstrong — the first person to walk on the Moon, as commander of Apollo 11.
Buzz Aldrin — the second person to walk on the Moon, the lunar module pilot of Apollo 11.
Michael Collins — the Apollo 11 command module pilot who orbited the Moon during the first landing.
Eugene Cernan — the commander of Apollo 17 and the last person to walk on the Moon.
Harrison Schmitt — a geologist on Apollo 17, the first scientist to walk on the Moon.
Sally Ride — the first American woman in space.
Mae Jemison — the first Black woman to travel into space, aboard the Space Shuttle.
Peggy Whitson — the first woman to command the ISS and holder of the US record for cumulative time in space.
Skylab was the first United States space station, crewed by three missions in 1973–1974, which carried out solar astronomy and studies of human adaptation to spaceflight.
The Lunar Gateway is a planned small space station in orbit around the Moon, to be built by NASA and international partners as part of the Artemis program. It is not yet operational.
Unity (Node 1) was the first US-built ISS module, a connecting node linking the Russian and US segments of the station.
Destiny is the primary research laboratory of the US segment of the ISS, used for microgravity science across many disciplines.
Quest is the ISS joint airlock, from which US spacewalks (EVAs) are staged.
Harmony (Node 2) is a connecting module that provides docking ports for visiting crewed spacecraft and links the US, European, and Japanese laboratories.
Tranquility (Node 3) houses much of the ISS life-support equipment and exercise machines, and connects to the Cupola.
Leonardo, originally a reusable cargo carrier built by the Italian Space Agency, was permanently attached to the ISS as a storage module.
BEAM is an expandable (inflatable) module attached to the ISS to demonstrate expandable habitat technology in orbit, building on Bigelow's Genesis demonstrators.
The Apollo Command and Service Module carried three astronauts to lunar orbit and back; the Command Module was the only part to return to Earth.
The Apollo Lunar Module was the two-stage craft that carried two astronauts from lunar orbit to the surface of the Moon and back.
The Space Shuttle Orbiter was a reusable crewed spaceplane that flew 135 missions, deploying satellites and assembling much of the ISS.
Orion is NASA's deep-space crew vehicle for the Artemis program, with a European Service Module built by ESA; it flew uncrewed around the Moon on Artemis I.
The ISS program is the international partnership that builds and operates the continuously crewed International Space Station.
NASA's Commercial Crew Program partners with industry to provide crewed transport to the ISS aboard SpaceX's Crew Dragon and Boeing's Starliner.
The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (1991–2000) was one of NASA's Great Observatories, mapping the gamma-ray sky and studying gamma-ray bursts.
The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope surveys the entire gamma-ray sky every few hours, studying pulsars, blazars, and gamma-ray bursts.
Euclid is ESA's mission to map the geometry of the dark universe, surveying billions of galaxies to study dark matter and dark energy.
The Solar Dynamics Observatory watches the Sun continuously in many wavelengths, capturing the dynamics of solar activity in extraordinary detail.
SOHO, a joint ESA–NASA mission, has studied the Sun from the L1 point since 1995 and is also the most prolific discoverer of comets.
Hinode is a Japanese-led solar observatory studying the Sun's magnetic field and corona in visible, ultraviolet, and X-ray light.
TRACE (1998–2010) imaged the Sun's transition region and corona in ultraviolet light, revealing the fine structure of magnetic loops.
An American astronomer and NASA's first chief of astronomy, often called the 'Mother of Hubble' for her role in space-based astronomy.
NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer, which measured the spectrum and first mapped the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background.
NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, which mapped the CMB in detail and pinned down the cosmological parameters.
NASA's family of heavy- and super-heavy-lift rockets developed for the Apollo program — the Saturn I, Saturn IB, and the Moon-launching Saturn V.
NASA's super-heavy-lift family for the Artemis program, planned in progressively more capable Block 1, Block 1B, and Block 2 configurations.
NASA's first heavy-lift rocket and the first designed for spaceflight rather than as a missile; it flight-tested Apollo hardware and clustered eight engines in its first stage.
NASA's partially reusable crewed launch system — a winged orbiter with an external tank and two solid rocket boosters — that flew 135 missions building the ISS and servicing Hubble.
NASA's international array of giant radio antennas — at Goldstone (California), Madrid, and Canberra — that communicates with interplanetary spacecraft and distant satellites, spaced around the globe for continuous coverage.
NASA's network of ground stations and relay satellites (formerly the Space Network's TDRSS and the Ground Network) that supports missions in Earth orbit and near-Earth space.
The first successful weather satellite, which returned the first television images of Earth's cloud cover in 1960 and founded operational meteorology from space.
The first satellite of the Landsat program, which began the longest continuous record of Earth's land surface from space.
NASA's flagship Earth Observing System morning satellite, carrying instruments including MODIS and ASTER to study land, ocean, and atmosphere.
NASA's Earth Observing System afternoon satellite, focused on the water cycle — precipitation, evaporation, clouds, and ocean properties.
A NASA–CNES mission surveying the height of Earth's surface water — oceans, lakes, and rivers — with unprecedented resolution.
A NASA laser-altimetry mission measuring the elevation of ice sheets, glaciers, sea ice, and vegetation to track a changing planet.
A twin-satellite mission that mapped tiny variations in Earth's gravity field to track the movement of water, ice, and mass around the planet.
The follow-on mission to GRACE, continuing the record of Earth's changing gravity field and the redistribution of water and ice.
A NASA mission mapping the moisture in Earth's surface soil to improve weather and climate models and monitor drought and floods.
A NASA mission carrying a cloud-profiling radar that measured the vertical structure of clouds to study their role in climate.
A NASA–CNES mission using a space lidar to profile aerosols and thin clouds in Earth's atmosphere, flying in the A-Train formation.
NASA's Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous mission, the first spacecraft to orbit an asteroid (433 Eros, 2000) and the first to soft-land on one (2001).
NASA's primary ground terminal for the TDRS relay satellites, in New Mexico. Nearly all Space Network traffic — including from the ISS and Hubble — passes through White Sands.
A high-latitude ground station in Fairbanks, part of NASA's Near Space Network, heavily used for polar-orbiting Earth-observation satellites.
A NASA Near Space Network ground station on the US east coast, providing tracking and data services for near-Earth missions (distinct from the co-located Wallops launch range).
NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland operates many Earth-orbiting and astrophysics missions and hosts the Near Space Network's control functions.
NASA's iconic human-spaceflight control room at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, which has directed crewed missions from Gemini and Apollo to the International Space Station.
NASA's largest centre for Earth and space science, in Greenbelt, Maryland. Goddard builds and operates robotic science missions and manages flagship observatories including Hubble and the James Webb Space Telescope, whose science operations are run by the Space Telescope Science Institute.
NASA's centre for human spaceflight, in Houston, Texas. Johnson is home to the astronaut corps and to Mission Control, which has directed crewed flights from Gemini and Apollo to the Space Shuttle and the International Space Station.
NASA's centre for propulsion and launch vehicles, in Huntsville, Alabama. Marshall developed the Saturn V, elements of the Space Shuttle, and the Space Launch System, and manages many science payloads.
NASA's primary launch centre, on Merritt Island, Florida, beside Cape Canaveral. Kennedy processes and launches crewed and robotic missions and is NASA's gateway for human spaceflight.
A NASA research centre in California's Silicon Valley focused on aeronautics, astrobiology, entry systems, small spacecraft, and supercomputing. Ames led the Kepler exoplanet mission's science.
NASA's oldest field centre, in Hampton, Virginia, founded for aeronautics research. Langley works on atmospheric science, materials, and the entry, descent, and landing systems that deliver spacecraft to other worlds.
NASA's centre for aerospace propulsion, power, and communications, in Cleveland, Ohio. Glenn develops electric propulsion, space power systems, and the technologies that keep spacecraft running.
NASA's principal rocket-engine test centre, in southern Mississippi. Stennis has tested the engines of the Saturn V, the Space Shuttle, and the Space Launch System.
NASA's centre for atmospheric flight research, at Edwards Air Force Base in California. Armstrong flies experimental and research aircraft and supported the Space Shuttle's landings and approach tests.
A national or multinational government body that funds, directs, and carries out a country's space program — from human spaceflight and robotic exploration to Earth observation and launch. NASA, ESA, JAXA, ISRO, Roscosmos, and CNSA are the largest.
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory is a NASA federally funded research and development center in California that builds and operates robotic spacecraft.
The first successful United States satellite, Explorer 1, carries a Geiger counter that discovers the belts of trapped radiation now named for James Van Allen.
The United States launches Skylab, its first space station, where crews study the Sun and the effects of long-duration spaceflight on the human body.
Columbia lifts off on STS-1, the first flight of the Space Shuttle — the first reusable crewed spacecraft, twenty years to the day after Gagarin's flight.
The Space Shuttle Challenger breaks apart 73 seconds after launch, killing all seven crew and grounding the shuttle fleet for nearly three years — a turning point for spaceflight safety.
The Zarya module launches, the first piece of the International Space Station — the largest structure ever assembled in space, built by fifteen nations.
The Space Shuttle Columbia breaks apart during re-entry, killing all seven crew and leading to the decision to retire the shuttle fleet.
Atlantis flies STS-135, the 135th and final Space Shuttle mission, ending thirty years of shuttle flight and beginning a gap in American crewed launch.
SpaceX's Crew Dragon Demo-2 carries astronauts to the ISS, the first crewed orbital flight launched by a private company and the return of crewed launch to American soil.
The uncrewed Artemis I sends the Orion spacecraft around the Moon and back on the first flight of NASA's program to return humans to the lunar surface.
The first crewed flight of NASA's Artemis program — a crew of four flying around the Moon and back aboard Orion, the first humans beyond low Earth orbit since 1972.
The mission intended to return humans to the surface of the Moon — the first crewed lunar landing since Apollo 17, targeting the water-ice-bearing south-polar region.
A NASA Discovery mission to drop a probe through the atmosphere of Venus, measuring its chemistry and origins layer by layer, and imaging the surface as it descends.
A NASA Discovery orbiter to map Venus in fine detail with radar — its topography, geology, and any active volcanism — revealing how the planet evolved so differently from Earth.
A NASA New Frontiers rotorcraft that will fly across the dunes and impact craters of Saturn's moon Titan, sampling a world with a thick atmosphere and a rich organic chemistry.
A NASA infrared space telescope dedicated to planetary defence — hunting for the near-Earth objects that are hard to spot from the ground, to find hazards decades before any possible impact.
NASA's next flagship space telescope, recommended by the astronomy decadal survey — designed to directly image potentially habitable planets around other stars and search their atmospheres for signs of life.
The flagship mission recommended to become the next great outer-planets endeavour — a first dedicated orbiter for an ice giant, to explore Uranus, its tilted magnetosphere, its rings, and its moons.
A concept for a purpose-built successor to the Voyagers — a spacecraft designed from the start to reach deep interstellar space and study the boundary between the Sun's influence and the galaxy beyond.
NASA's archive for high-energy astrophysics — the X-ray and gamma-ray data of missions like Chandra, Swift, and Fermi — a central resource for the study of the most energetic objects in the universe.
NASA's Astrophysics Data System, the digital library of astronomy — indexing essentially the entire research literature and linking every paper to the data, catalogues, and objects it uses, so the literature and the data are one connected web.
A set of principles for cooperative, peaceful, and transparent exploration of the Moon and beyond, established in 2020 and led by NASA, and signed by a growing number of nations. They interpret the Outer Space Treaty for a new era of lunar activity, including the use of space resources.
NASA's open database of solar and space-weather events — flares, coronal mass ejections, solar energetic particle events, and interplanetary shocks — served through a public API. Modelled as a real provider with an honest status; no event is shown until it is connected.
The American Association of Variable Star Observers — for more than a century, the organisation that gathers variable-star observations from amateurs worldwide into a single database that professional astronomers draw on. The model for how amateur and professional astronomy work together.
The Agência Espacial Brasileira is the civilian agency responsible for Brazil's space programme.
The Association of Lunar and Planetary Observers, which coordinates amateur observation of the Moon, the planets, comets, and asteroids — organising observing programmes and archiving the results so that amateur monitoring of the Solar System adds up to something lasting.
Arianespace is a European launch service provider that markets and operates launches of the Ariane family of rockets from the Guiana Space Centre.
The Agenzia Spaziale Italiana is Italy's national space agency, a significant contributor to ESA and to international planetary science missions.
A commercial operator of a low-Earth-orbit constellation for rapid-revisit Earth imaging.
Facts on this topic will be cited from these primary and reference sources.
Mission data, planetary science, space telescopes, and public-domain imagery.
Most NASA-produced imagery is in the public domain; individual items are checked for usage terms before publication.