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Loading contentThe modern era of vast, collaborative, and expensive instruments — the great space observatories, the kilometre-scale gravitational-wave detectors, the all-sky surveys — that no single scientist could build or fund, run instead by international collaborations of thousands.
Facts on this topic will be cited from these primary and reference sources.
Mission data, planetary science, space telescopes, and public-domain imagery.
Most NASA-produced imagery is in the public domain; individual items are checked for usage terms before publication.