{"dataset":{"slug":"propellants","title":"Rocket Propellants","description":"Fuel and oxidizer combinations — kerolox, hydrolox, methalox, hypergolics, and solids.","version":"1.0.0","lastGenerated":"2026-06-29","license":"CC BY-SA 4.0","entityCount":7,"sources":["nasa"]},"entities":[{"id":"propellant:aerozine50-n2o4","name":"Aerozine 50 / N2O4","type":"propellant","domain":"science","description":"A hypergolic blend of UDMH and hydrazine with N2O4 oxidizer, used by the Titan family and various upper stages during the 20th century.","entryPath":"/rockets/aerozine50-n2o4"},{"id":"propellant:lh2-lox","name":"LH2 / LOX","type":"propellant","domain":"science","description":"Liquid hydrogen burned with liquid oxygen — the highest-performing chemical propellant by specific impulse, but low-density and deeply cryogenic. Used by the RS-25, RL10, Vulcain, and LE-7/LE-9.","entryPath":"/rockets/lh2-lox"},{"id":"propellant:ch4-lox","name":"Methane / LOX","type":"propellant","domain":"science","description":"Liquid methane burned with liquid oxygen. A modern choice balancing performance, density, and reusability (clean-burning, in-situ producible on Mars); used by Raptor, BE-4, and Vulcain-class successors.","entryPath":"/rockets/ch4-lox"},{"id":"propellant:mmh-n2o4","name":"MMH / N2O4","type":"propellant","domain":"science","description":"A storable hypergolic combination used in upper stages and orbital-maneuvering systems where reliable restart matters, such as the Ariane 5 storable upper stage.","entryPath":"/rockets/mmh-n2o4"},{"id":"propellant:rp1-lox","name":"RP-1 / LOX","type":"propellant","domain":"science","description":"A refined-kerosene fuel burned with liquid oxygen. Dense and room-temperature-storable fuel with a cryogenic oxidizer; the workhorse first-stage combination from the Saturn V's F-1 to SpaceX's Merlin.","entryPath":"/rockets/rp1-lox"},{"id":"propellant:solid-apcp","name":"Solid (APCP)","type":"propellant","domain":"science","description":"A cast solid propellant of ammonium-perchlorate oxidizer, aluminium fuel, and a rubber binder. High thrust and simplicity, but not throttleable or shut-down-able once lit; used in the Shuttle/SLS boosters, Vega, and many strap-on boosters.","entryPath":"/rockets/solid-apcp"},{"id":"propellant:udmh-n2o4","name":"UDMH / N2O4","type":"propellant","domain":"science","description":"A storable hypergolic combination that ignites on contact without an igniter. Long the mainstay of the Proton and early Long March vehicles; toxic and being phased out for new designs.","entryPath":"/rockets/udmh-n2o4"}]}